Method and system for removal of hair with a conductive layer

ABSTRACT

Multiple hair removal system includes a conductive layer including a conductive material. The conductive material functions to provide electromagnetic energy from a source to hairs to be treated that extend up into and/or through the conductive layer and contact the conductive material. A method of removing multiple hairs and inhibiting future hair growth includes applying a conductive layer, applying electromagnetic energy for a period of time sufficient to destroy the matrix area of the hair, and allowing the treated hair to either be removed immediately or to stay in the skin for a period of time sufficient for the chemical reaction induced at the matrix area to continue long enough to destroy the matrix area and prevent regrowth of the hair.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. PCT/US94/14557, filed Dec. 30, 1994, now published Jul. 6, 1995, and which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/176,561, filed Dec. 30, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,332, issued Nov. 28, 1995, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/917,662, filed Jul. 20, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/794,364, filed Nov. 13, 1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/454,622, filed Dec. 21, 1989, now abandoned, and application Ser. No. 08/176,561 likewise is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/066,261, filed May 25, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/929,750, filed Aug. 17, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/707,828, filed May 30, 1991, now abandoned, and each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method for removing hair and for permanently impairing future hair growth, and an apparatus for carrying out this method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inventors have long sought to permanently remove unwanted hair. Known techniques for hair removal are described in patents such as the following.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,394 to Mehl, which issued Nov. 15, 1994, is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/140,336, filed Oct. 21, 1993, which was a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/917,662, referred to above, discloses a radio refrequency (RF) hair removal method which effectively and permanently impairs future hair regrowth.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,714 to Mehl discloses a method for permanent removal of hair in which hair is removed and future hair growth is permanently impaired by grasping reduced lengths of a hair between conductive hair engaging surfaces, applying high frequency electrical waves to one of the conductive hair engaging surfaces, and holding the hair engaging surfaces in firm engagement in position against the skin and hair while applying the high frequency electrical waves until the hair releases. Although this method works well, there is a need for an even more efficient method of permanent hair removal.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,369 to Cole discloses a non-invasive method of removing hair through electrolysis in which a particular hair to be removed is cleaned, and then bathed in an electrode solution. A conductor is attached to a remote end of the treated hair after which a DC electrical current is directed down the electrode solution coating outside of the hair to the soft moist tissue surrounding hair within the skin, whereby sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the hair follicle site is produced owing to the chemical reaction in the presence of electrical current for causing the hair follicle to die and allow the hair associated with the dead hair follicle to be removed.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,148 to Mehl discloses a radio frequency hair removal tweezer including tweezer arms having facing interior surfaces including a radio frequency conducting hair engaging metal conducting pad for grasping hair to be removed. Although this hair removal tweezer operates well, there is a need for an effective hair removal method and apparatus which is even simpler and easier to use.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a multiple hair removal method and apparatus for carrying out the method that are simpler to perform and to use than the known methods and apparatus.

It is another object of the invention to provide a hair removal method, system, and apparatus suited for removing multiple hairs at one time.

It is a further object of the invention to remove multiple hairs easier and faster without stress and infection.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a method and apparatus for permanent hair removal and impairment of hair regrowth.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a hair removal system which has few or no moving parts.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a hair removal system which is simple and which can be used by lay people.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a hair removal system usable on hair which has not been pretreated.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method for permanent hair removal that uses an alkaline solution for pretreating the hair in order to more effectively increase the conductivity of hair than is possible with known neutral or acidbased systems.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method of permanent hair removal by which an alkaline solution is applied to the hair to be removed for opening the cuticle and cortex layers for causing an electric power source to penetrate the hair easier and faster.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a method of multiple hair removal by which all treated hairs slide out of their respective treated follicles with substantially no resistance.

It is another object of the invention to provide a permanent multiple hair removal method and apparatus which can be used by both professionals and non-professionals.

It is a yet still further object of the invention to provide a permanent hair removal method and apparatus which make hair removal painless.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a permanent multiple hair removal system which shortens the time required for permanent hair removal.

It is another object of the invention to provide a permanent hair removal system which is less messy than conventional systems.

It is another object of the invention to provide a permanent multiple hair removal system by which skin disorders, such as acne, can be treated concurrently with the hair removal.

It is another object of the invention to provide a permanent multiple hair removal system which uses relatively small, disposable hair removal strips.

It is another object of the invention to provide a permanent hair removal system which uses a conductive layer of material directly adjacent the user's skin.

It is yet a still further object of the invention to provide a permanent hair removal system, the components of which can be applied to the user's skin in a liquid form.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a hair removal system that in one instance the hair has to be cut and in another instance left long.

It is another object of the invention to provide a multiple hair removal system which includes a single compound or a multi-compound liquid which can be stored in a single container prior to use.

It is another object of the invention to provide a hair removal system, the components of which can be used for removing one hair or multiple hairs at a time.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide for multiple hair removal by the application of any one of a number of power sources or by a combination of devices with different power sources.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a substantially painless permanent multiple hair removal method and apparatus, unlike such as associated with traditional wax removal in which live hairs are pulled directly from the skin.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide for permanent multiple hair removal without the need for insertion of an electrolysis needle into the user's skin that causes burns and infection.

It is another object of the invention to provide a multipurpose conductive pair of tweezers which functions as a conductor to a source of power, as a clamp, as a multiple-hair-removal tweezers, and as a single-hair-removal tweezers.

It is another object of the invention to provide a multipurpose conductive comb which functions as a conductor to a source of power, as a clamp, and as a multiple-hair-removal comb.

It is another object of the invention to provide a multipurpose hair removal device including a conductive spring which functions as a conductor to a source of power, as a clamp for directing power to a clamped hair, and as a multiple-hair-removal clamp for removing treated hairs.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide for a permanent multiple hair remover system without the need for the single tweezer method which is more time consuming.

These and further objects of the invention will become apparent from the drawings and the following description of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of a section of tissue showing a typical hair;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention when in place engaging hairs to be removed;

FIGS. 3A-3B are elevational views similar to FIG. 2 of more preferred embodiments of the apparatus according to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a preferred embodiment of a conductive layer of the apparatus according to the invention;

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 4, taken along line 5--5;

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of another preferred embodiment of the conductive layer of the apparatus according to the invention;

FIG. 7 is a section view of the conductive layer of FIG. 6 taken along line 7--7;

FIG. 8 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 7, of another preferred embodiment of the conductive layer according to the invention;

FIG. 9 is a somewhat schematic, exploded view of a still further preferred embodiment of a hair removal device according to the invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic, top plan view of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a side, elevational view of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 9;

FIG. 12 is a schematic, exploded view of yet another preferred embodiment of a hair removal device according to the invention;

FIG. 13 is a top plan view of a preferred embodiment of conductive tweezers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a side elevational view of one arm of the pair of tweezers of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a top plan view of another preferred embodiment of conductive tweezers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a top plan view of still another preferred embodiment of conductive tweezers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a top plan view of one half of a hand-held casing according to a preferred embodiment of the invention suitable for retaining and powering the various pairs of tweezers of the embodiments of FIGS. 13-16;

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a conductive hair removal comb according to the invention;

FIG. 19 is a side, elevational view of the hair removal comb of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a further preferred embodiment of a hair removal comb according to the invention;

FIG. 21 is a partial, side view of FIG. 20, when the hair removal comb is open, and hairs to be removed extend freely through the comb;

FIG. 22 is a partial, side view of the comb as shown in FIG. 21, with hairs to be removed shown clamped by the teeth of the comb;

FIG. 23 is a top view of a further hair removal device according to the invention;

FIG. 24 is a partial elevational view of the hair removal device of FIG. 23, taken along line 24--24 therein;

FIG. 25 is a top view of a slider element according to the invention;

FIG. 26 is an elevational view of the slider element of FIG. 25; and,

FIG. 27 is an enlarged view of a portion of the device of FIG. 23; and

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of a direct current (DC) grounding unit according to the invention.

It should be understood that all hair removal embodiments according to the invention can be used with all electrical power sources: e.g., radio frequency (RF) , direct current (DC), blend (i.e., DC-biased RF), and alternating current (AC) systems. Relative terms are not intended to be liability. Terms such as "power source" and "power" are for convenience only and "power" is intended to include all types of electromagnetic energy. Likewise, "electrical" and "conductive" are to be read broadly, and are not limiting.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a representation of the manner in which hair is typically found. A hair 10 includes an upper shaft portion 12, which extends above a skin surface 13, and an interior lower shaft portion 14 extending beneath skin surface 13. Hair 10 passes adjacent to oil glands 16 disposed immediately below an epidermis area 18. Lower shaft 14 is connected to an external root sheath layer 20. The growth site for hair 10 is located in a matrix area 22. Matrix area 22 contains a papilla 24 supplied with nutrients by a blood vessel 26. Matrix area 22 and the cells 23 surrounding the follicle are the parts which must be reached and destroyed by electrical or chemical energy or heat energy if future hair growth is to be prevented, given that all of the cells of the hair 10 above matrix area 22 is substantially dead fibrous material.

Accordingly, the target for electrical current and/or heat energy to be applied to hair 10 is essentially papilla 24, matrix area 22, adjacent cellular structures 23, and blood vessels 26.

It has been found that substantially dry hair 10 is often a sufficiently good electrical conductor for the present purposes. Hair becomes a better conductor when moisture and/or conductive materials are allowed to be absorbed into the hair shaft so that an electrical current and/or heat energy can be induced. Then, electrical current and/or heat energy can be conducted from upper shaft portion 12 to lower shaft portion 14 and, hence, the area around matrix 22.

FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of a multiple hair removal device 50 according to the invention that can carry out the multiple hair removal method according to the invention.

Hair removal device 50 includes a conductive gel, glue, adhesive, or wax layer 52, an optional insulating and/or structural layer 54, and a conductor or conductive layer 56 disposed therebetween. It is expected that layer 52 disposed adjacent the skin, in use, may be sufficiently conductive so as to transmit electrical current or electromagnetic energy or heat energy to hair 10, yet minimally conductive so as to not cause a shock or burn to the user's skin. The power level of the electromagnetic energy is selected so that, in use, hair 10 absorbs sufficient electromagnetic energy from layer 52 for damaging/destroying matrix area 22 and surrounding cells 23; however, such power level of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through conductive layer 52 should not harm the skin in contact therewith.

Conductive layer or conductor 56 is connected to a power source 70 by means of a power transmission cable 72 or by a clamping means. Good results have been achieved when conductive layer 56 is made of a rubber material made by conductive the impregnation of graphite particles therein, for example. As illustrated, a female electrical connector 62 may be provided in conductive layer 56 in the form of a hole into which power transmission cable 72 is inserted.

Optional structural/insulating layer 54 has successfully been made of plastic sheet material, such as typically used as the outer layer of self-adhering bandages (e.g., an adhesive bandage sold by Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. of Skillman, N.J. under the trademark BAND-AID).

Conductive layer 52 has successfully been made of a hydrophilic gel, often referred to as a hydrogel. Such hydrophilic gels are selected and formulated to have sufficient water therein so as to conduct electromagnetic energy even without the addition of conductive particles.

Turning to FIG. 3A, a still further preferred embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention is shown as a multiple hair removal device 80. Multiple hair removal device 80 includes a wax, glue, or similar adhesive material defining a conductive layer 82 which includes an adhesive material 83 and electrically conductive material or particles 84 embedded in and dispersed throughout adhesive material 83.

Adhesive material 83 is selected from compounds which adhere to human hair. Layer 82 is made of conducting material or rendered conductive by the presence of conductive particles 84. An optional structural layer 85 is disposed on top of and preferably adhered to conductive layer 82. Power transmission cable or electrode 72 or clamping means is associated with conductive layer 82 for transmitting power from power source 70.

FIG. 3B illustrates another preferred embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention in the form of a multiple hair removal device 88.

Multiple hair removal device 88 includes a conductive layer 89, which preferably adheres to the hair 10 and/or skin 13, and is electrically conductive owing to its being made of a hydrophilic gel, for example. No other layers, such as the non-conductive layers, separate conductors, and/or structural layers of the preferred embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3A are required, and conductive layer 89 may be a hydrogel as described above in regard to hydrogel 52 of the embodiment of FIG. 2 above.

As in the other preferred embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3A, conductive layer 89 of FIG. 3B need not be particularly adhesive with respect to skin; rather, an important characteristic is the ability of conductive layer 89 to transfer electromagnetic energy from power source 70 to hair 10 so that such electromagnetic energy (or electromagnetic energy converted into heat energy) is transferred to matrix area 22 in a sufficient amount so as to damage/destroy matrix area 22 for subsequent removal of hair 10.

FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate a preferred embodiment of a conductive layer 90 for use with the multiple hair removal device such as shown in FIG. 2, when power source 70 is any electrical source. It is expected that an RF (radio frequency) power source be operatively associated with conducted layer 90, for example. Accordingly, RF focusing areas 92 are provided that serve as focal points at which the RF power is intensified. For other electric sources, such as alternating current (AC), direct current (DC), or DC-biased RF (so-called "blend"), the flat configuration pad makes this embodiment a multiple use conductor.

FIG. 5 illustrates that the configuration of RF focusing areas 92 allow for conductive layer 90 to be a substantially flat, foil-like, yet with sharp edges at which the RF is intensified, for example.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show another preferred embodiment of a conductive layer 100 having attachment tabs 102 that may be used in a multiple hair removal device similar to that shown in the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2. Attachment tabs 102 are used for being attached to a power source by conductive releasable attachment members such as so-called "alligator clips" or tweezers such as described in detail below and shown in FIGS. 13-17. FIG. 7 is a sectional view of FIG. 6 illustrating electrical focusing points 104 which serve as intensifiers and directors for electric power applied to tabs 102. For example, focusing points 104 direct AC or DC, and intensify RF power.

FIG. 8 illustrates a still further embodiment of a conductive layer 110 made of a conductive plastic material and which can be used in hair removal device such as shown in FIG. 2.

Turning to FIGS. 9-11, another preferred embodiment of a hair removal device 200 according to the invention is illustrated. Hair removal device 200 includes a vinyl layer 204, such as a top of an envelope for protecting the operative elements of hair removal device 200 during storage. A conductive layer or conductor 208 includes one or more pull tabs 210, 212, both of which likewise function as conductor leads when in use.

A conductive layer 214 is disposed adjacent conductor 208 and between a non-conductive layer 218 and conductor 208. Non-conductive layer 218 is made of material engineered to removably adhere to the user's skin and to allow hair to penetrate therethrough. A vinyl layer 222 functions as the bottom of a protective envelope including vinyl layer 204, both of which collectively protect conductor 208, conductive layer 214, and non-conductive layer 218 when hair removal device 200 is being stored.

The invention can be carried out with conductor 208, conductive layer 214, and non-conductive layer 218. Still further, it is possible to use just conductive layer 214 and non-conductive layer 218 to achieve the objects of the invention.

As best seen in FIG. 10, a perforation 232 is provided to ensure that vinyl layers 204 and 222 are cleanly separated and removed when one or more of pull tabs 210, 212, and 226 are used.

FIG. 12 shows a yet still further embodiment of a hair removal device 300 according to the invention, which has been shown on an exaggerated, exploded view for clarity.

Hair removal device 300 includes a vinyl layer 304 functioning as the top of a protective envelope, a conductor or conductive layer 308 having a pull tab 310 which likewise functions as a conductor lead and, preferably, a second pull tab 312. A conductive layer 314 is disposed between conductor 308 and non-conductive layer 318. A second vinyl layer 322 serves as the bottom of an envelope when joined with top vinyl layer 304, in a manner similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 9-11.

Preferably, a pull tab 326 is provided on vinyl layer 322 for assisting in the separation of vinyl layers 304 and 322 when the hair removal device is to be used.

A hole 334 defined in vinyl layer 304 aligns with an aperture 338 in conductor layer 308, which aperture 308 in turn aligns with a throughhole 342 in conductive layer 314. A further aperture 346 disposed in non-conductive layer 318 is likewise aligned with a hole 350 formed in lower vinyl layer 322. Holes 334 and 350 are optional. This special annular shape is useful when a woman wishes to remove hair around the areola resulting from hormonal changes induced by birth control pills, for example. The respective holes are configured for placement over a woman's nipple to avoid contact with the sensitive skin thereof.

Turning to FIGS. 13-17, various insulated pairs of tweezers or tongs 400 according to additional preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated.

FIG. 13 shows that insulated tweezers 400 preferably include an upper arm 404 normally biased against a lower arm 408. The terms "upper" and "lower" are used for expedience as the terms describe the relationship of arms 404 and 408 as viewed in FIG. 13, and are not intended to be limiting.

A base 412 is configured for insertion into a casing described below with regard to FIG. 17, for example.

A metal insert 414 extends substantially along almost the entire length of lower arm 408 and terminates in a free end or conductive extension 416. An opposed extension 418 can be made of metal or plastic, depending upon the intended use, as will be apparent from the description of the operation of tweezers 400 below.

A conductive metal insert 420 extends along only a part of the length of upper arm 404, as the illustrated pair of tweezers 400 is engineered for use with DC, RF, or DC-biased RF power sources.

As best seen in FIG. 14, lower arm 408 includes a plastic casing 424 which substantially completely surrounds metal insert 414.

As best seen in FIG. 14 an optional stepped portion 428 of plastic casing 424 demarcates a hair-grasping end 434 of arm 408. A "single" hair grasping free end 438 is defined at an outermost portion of hair-grasping end 434. A hair-contacting portion 442 of metal insert 414 is left partially uncovered by plastic casing 424.

Referring to both FIGS. 13 and 14, one can see that when tweezers 400 are in their normally closed position, hair-contacting portions 442 of opposed tweezer arms 404 and 408 will make contact. In use, hair-contacting portions 442 grasp respective portions of hairs to be treated. Hair-contacting portion 442 has a sufficiently short width at a "single"--hair contacting end 446 that one or two hairs can be conveniently grasped.

A multiple-hair grasping portion 448 of hair-contacting portion 442 is sufficient long that multiple hairs can be grasped at the same time. Single-hair contacting portion 446 is surrounded by insulating material at 438 and elsewhere, so that exposed portion 442 will not contact the user's skin. Likewise, exposed portion 442 is set back from the free edge of insulating plastic casing 424 in the region of multiple-hair contacting region 448 so that the skin is not contacted by exposed portion 442; rather, only the hairs to be treated are grasped and contacted by exposed portion 442. One or more alignment bosses 456 are provided on lower arm 408 for mating with respective seats 458 disposed in arm 404.

A stepped base portion 460 extends from base 412.

FIGS. 15 and 16 show additional embodiments, depending on the intended power source and particular application, of insulated tweezers similar to insulated tweezers 400 of FIG. 13. The FIG. 15 tweezers 460 have two opposing arms, each of which have full length conductive metal inserts 414 therein. The FIG. 16 embodiment of a tweezers 480 has two opposing arms, one of which has a full length conductive insert 414, with no metal insert at all in an opposed arm 484; for example.

Each one of upper arm 404 and lower arm 408 of the embodiment of FIG. 13, as well as each of the opposed arms of the embodiment of FIGS. 15 and 16, such as non-conductive arm 484, may be detachably attached to base 412.

FIG. 17 illustrates a hand-held casing 500 which is used for securing and powering insulated tweezers 400 of FIGS. 13-16. Hand-held casing 500 includes a plastic case 504 and a tweezers receptacle 510 configured for receiving stepped based portion 460. One or more female connectors 512 receive conductive extension 416 and extension 418. A conventional printed circuit (PC) board 516 converts and regulates the power supplied by a standard power source 520 into the desired type of power used in the hair removal system selected according to the invention, such as AC, DC, DC-biased RF, and the like, as described above.

FIGS. 18-22 illustrate hair clamping combs according to further preferred embodiments of the invention.

The preferred embodiment of a hair clamping comb 600 having a base 612. Clamping comb 600 includes a lower, toothed comb 606 having a plurality of teeth 608. A further comb 610 having a plurality of teeth 611 is provided between lower comb 606 and a movable clamp 615. Movable clamp 615 is conveniently provided with an extension 624 against which an operator can apply force for rotating clamp 615 about a pivot 626 in the direction of arrow 630. Comb 600 will be spring-biased in a normally closed position (i.e., the position shown in FIG. 19) or in a normally open position (the position shown in FIG. 18) depending on the intended use and the intended power source, for example. Lower comb 606 will typically be made of non-conductive, insulating plastic, as will be the plurality of teeth 608 thereon. Central comb 610 will typically be made of a conductive metal. At least the teeth 611 thereof will generally be made of a conductive metal. Such metal teeth 611 will be electrically connected with a free end or conductive extension 616. An opposed extension 618 will be made of metal or plastic, depending upon the intended use, as will be readily apparent from the description of the use of hair treatment devices under OPERATION below.

A conductive metal insert 620 is provided in a portion of clamp 615. An outer, insulating portion 622 of clamp 615 covers metal insert 620 for preventing a user from contacting metal insert 620 when in use. As will be appreciated, metal insert 620 will be sufficiently large to contact at least a portion of the ones of metal sheet 611 which will be actively used in hair removal.

A representative hair 644 is shown clamped between a representative tooth 651 and metal insert 620 when hair 644 is being treated for removal. In use, a plurality of hairs will be clamped at one time.

A stepped base portion 660 extends from base 612 and is configured for being inserted into receptacle 510 of hand-held casing 500 shown in FIG. 17.

Turning to FIGS. 20-22, the further preferred embodiment of a hair removal comb 800 according to the invention is illustrated.

Hair removal comb 800 includes a base 812 having a conductive extension 816 and a further extension 818, which can be conductive, depending on the power source selected. One or more protrusions 821 are provided on an outer face of an upper comb 823. Protrusions 821 are preferably sized sufficiently large so as to be easily engaged, pushed, and pulled by one or more of a user's fingers. Upper comb 823 will typically be provided with a conductive metal insert 825. A lower comb 827 will typically be a non-conductive, insulating material, as such lower comb 827 will be used adjacent to the client's skin 831. A central comb 833 will typically be made of a conductive metal material. For most purposes, conductive central comb 833 will be electrically connected with conductive extension 816.

FIG. 21 illustrates a plurality of hairs 837 extending between adjacent ones of substantially aligned teeth of respective combs 823, 833, and 827.

Conventional, unillustrated guides serving as sliding elements allows upper comb 823 to be slide relative to central comb 833 in the direction of arrow 841 when a force is provided in the direction of arrow 841 on protrusions 821, for example. Conveniently, upper comb 823 and lower comb 827 can be made of a single piece of insulating material, so that lower comb 827 moves therewith. Owing to the movement of upper comb 823 relative to central comb 833, portions of metal insert 825 will engage hairs 837 and establish electrical contact with conductive metal central comb 833. For example, a portion 851 of metal insert 825 will press against and firmly engage hair 837 with a portion 853 (such as a portion of the comb tooth) of central comb 833. The power source will then be actuated for a predetermined period of time, and the clamped hairs 837 will be immediately removed by movement of comb 800 away from skin 831, or hairs 837 will be released for later removal, depending on the power source used, as described elsewhere.

FIGS. 23-27 illustrate a preferred embodiment of a hair treating attachment 1200 according to the invention. Hair treating attachment 1200 includes a snap-on body 1204 which is configured to releasably engage the hand-held casing 500 of FIG. 17, in the same manner as the attachments of the embodiments of FIGS. 13-22. A plurality of springs 1208 is disposed adjacent an outer free end 1210 for engaging hairs on a user's body to be treated. A slider 1212 is movably mounted on body 1204 and includes slider posts 1216 which move therewith.

A plurality of fixed posts 1220 is disposed on body 1204.

A cam 1228 drives a cam follower 1232 for thereby imparting a reciprocatory motion to slider 1212. A cam shaft 1236 attached to and extending from cam 1228 is configured for engaging a mating driven member for powering hair treating attachment 1200, such as by being coupled to an unillustrated drive shaft of a motor. As will be readily appreciated, when cam shaft 1236 is rotated, the rotation of cam 1228 causes slider 1212 to reciprocate, whereby slider posts 1216 move back-and-forth relative to fixed posts 1220. Given that each one of springs 1208 has its respective free ends connected to ones of slider posts 1216 and fixed posts 1220, the reciprocatory movement causes springs 1208 to open and close. This opening and closing of springs 1208 causes springs 1208 to alternately grab and release hairs on the body of a user when hair treating attachment 1200 is in use.

Springs 1208 may be provided with an insulating material 1221 which has been applied on the outer faces thereof, such as when the springs are in a fully closed position (i.e., no gap between adjacent coils 1241 and 1243 of spring 1208). Contacting faces 1223 and 1224 are substantially free of insulation. In that manner, springs 1208 can be used to grasp hair, and the appropriate power source will be applied as in the previous embodiments and an insulating layer of material will be disposed adjacent the user's skin when spring 1208 is closed and the electrical power source is being applied therethrough to the hair clamped between adjacent coils 1241 and 1243, thereby clamping and treating a hair 1225, for example. One or more of springs 1208 is electrically connected to a conductive extension, such as in the embodiments of FIGS. 13-22. It is likewise contemplated that a timer will be provided for determining the length of time the springs 1208 are in the closed position (i.e., coils 1241 and 1243 are pressed adjacent each other, such as when clamping a piece of hair) and/or the length of time the power source is being applied to spring 1208 for directing power to a treated hair. There may likewise be provided an audible or visible alarm, such as a buzzer or light, respectively, so that the user knows that the power has been supplied for a sufficiently long period of time to treat the clamped hair and/or so that the user knows that springs 1208 are being powered.

Accordingly, when in use, an elegantly simple solution to the problem of treating and removing hair from the user's body has been achieved. Namely, as cam shaft 1236 is being driven for opening and closing springs 1208, the user simply slides free end 1210 along the surface of the user's body, whereby hairs to be treated are grabbed and, owing to the movement of hair treating attachment 1200 by the user, the hairs are treated, and then removed during the phase in which springs 1208 are closed.

Treated hairs can be removed at an appropriate later time by waxing, adhesive tapes, and the like.

It is likewise contemplated that additional reciprocatory movements be imparted to the opening and closing springs, such as by a mechanical movement which opens some of the springs at the same time others of the springs are being closed.

Furthermore, it is contemplated that a different slider and spring opening/closing mechanism be used so that after the springs have been closed and the grasped hairs have been treated, movement is imparted to the closed springs, so that the movement of the closed springs relative to the user's body causes a grasped hair to be removed, as opposed to the movement of the user's hand causing the removal of the unwanted hair, or a later hair removal step being required. FIG. 28 illustrates a grounding accessory 1300 for use with all the hair removal embodiments of the invention, in the case where a DC power source is being used. When the person whose hair is being removed is working on himself or herself (e.g. the "patient" is the "user") the DC grounding accessory 1300 is unnecessary, as the patient will be inherently grounded. When an operator of one of the DC power source accessories described above is someone other than the person whose hair is being removed, DC power source accessory 1300 will be used. A grounding strap 1304 is provided, which may conveniently be used as a wrist strap. If the patient being worked on holds the strap 1304 in his or her hand, sufficient grounding will typically be achieved. A power source piggy back connector 1306 includes an electrical connector 1308 which will be attached to the conventional transformer or other power source, in use. Piggy back connector 1306 includes a male connector 1312 which will be attached to the accessory being used (e.g., male connector 1312 will plug into a mating female receptacle in the casing of the hair treating devices described above). A grounding cable 1313 extends from grounding strap 1304 and electrically connects to a male connector 1316. A connector body 1319 is grasped by the user when male connector 1316 is inserted into female connector 1318 of piggy back connector 1306 when grounding strap 1304 is used.

OPERATION

The preferred embodiment of the method of permanently removing one or more hairs according to the invention will become more apparent by first considering the manner in which the embodiments of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 2-3B are used.

In one preferred method of use, multiple hair removal device 50 of FIG. 2 treats hair to be removed as follows. The user applies hydrogel 52 to the skin surface to be treated. The hair to be treated may remain its natural length; no trimming of such hair is required. In the case where hydrogel 52 is in a liquid form, hydrogel 52 will be spread over the skin area to be treated, allowed to dry for a period of time, as required, and then power from power source 70 will be applied thereto. Power source 72 may be connected to conductor 56 by insertion of power transmission cable 72 into female connector 62. Power source 70 is then activated for a predetermined period of time, depending on the surface area of hydrogel 52 in contact with the skin and/or the volume of the hydrogel, although tests have shown that there is little attenuation of the power as it is conducted through the hydrogel, given the amounts of hydrogel typically used on a person's skin.

After the hair being treated has been sufficiently damaged and/or destroyed, hydrogel 52 is removed from the skin. In the case where hydrogel 52 is sufficiently adhesive/viscous to remove treated hairs along with its removal, treated hairs will be removed thereby. In the case where hydrogel 52 is used in a substantially liquid form, some treated hairs will remain after removal of the hydrogel 52, and such treated hairs can be removed by other methods, such as washing and scrubbing of the skin.

The preferred embodiments of FIGS. 3A and 3B are used in a manner similar to the use of the embodiment of FIG. 2.

Conductive/adhesive layer 82 is pressed against the skin, power is applied for a sufficiently long period of time to damage/destroy matrix 22 and surrounding cells 22, and damaged hair is removed. In the case of RF and Blend, the damage/destruction of matrix 22 is substantially instantaneous.

Conductive/hydrogel layer is likewise applied to skin 13 and hair 10, as before, and the hair typically requires no special pre-treatment steps. A free end of power transmission cable 72 may be pressed into conductive layer 89 sufficiently far so that enough electromagnetic energy is transferred from power source 70 to conductive layer 89 and, hence, as electromagnetic energy or heat energy to hair 10, so as to sufficiently damage/kill hair 10 for removal thereof.

Alternatively, multiple hair removal device 50 of FIG. 2 may also be used as follows. The embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3B may likewise be used in this alternative manner. Using FIG. 2 as an example, preferably, the skin having hair to be treated and removed is first steamed in order to both open the pores and to moisturize the hair for enhancing conductivity thereof. A conductive solution, which may be a liquid, a gel, an emulsion, or a cream, is applied to the hair. The conductive solution is left in contact with the hair for a predetermined period of time. Preferably, the conductive solution has an alkaline formulation and a pH in the range of about 8 to 11. The length of the predetermined period of time is determined as described below, then the solution is wiped off.

Multiple hair removal device 50 is then pressed against the skin surface to be treated, ensuring that conductive hydrogel layer 52 is closest to skin surface 13. Upper portion 12 of the hair to be removed extends into and contacts conductive hydrogel layer 52 as multiple hair removal device 50 is pressed against the skin. Thus, hair 10 itself serves as a path by which power and or heat is transmitted from conductive source to matrix root area 22 of the hairs to be destroyed. Some or all of hairs 12 may directly contact conductor 56.

Cable 72 is inserted into female connector 62. Power source 70 is then turned on for a predetermined length of time. The predetermined period of time is a function of the area of the hair to be treated, the number of hairs to be destroyed, the physical attributes of the hair, the type of power source being used, and like considerations. Accordingly, it is preferred that a preliminary test be done because the length of time required varies not only from person to person, but from one area of the body to another. Advantageously, a test area, commonly known as a "patch test" is done as it serves the additional purpose of determining whether the user is allergic to the conductive solution or to other constituents, such as the adhesive/conductive layer and how well the roots and hair accepts the treatment.

After the application of power to kill the hair, the destroyed hair is allowed to remain in the body for a predetermined period of time, inasmuch as a chemical reaction has been started in the vicinity of matrix area 22 by the application of power thereto, and the chemical reaction continues at this site of hair growth for a period of time. This is typically done only with the DC unit.

For a fuller discussion of the chemical processes which are involved, attention is directed to U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,714 to Mehl U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,148 to Mehl, U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,394 to Mehl, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,369 Cole described above, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In order to optimize the length of time for which power is applied, one can conduct a test of the removed hairs so as to gauge the amount of destruction of matrix area 22. This is typically done only with DC unit.

This test is accomplished by use of a standard piece of litmus paper and distilled or deionized water. The piece of litmus paper is placed on the test bench, a drop of distilled and/or deionized water is applied, and the matrix area 22 of a removed hair is touched to the surface of the litmus paper. A destroyed matrix area 22 will have undergone a chemical change sufficient that a spot on the piece of litmus paper to which matrix area 22 was touched indicates a pH in the range of about 8 or greater. If the pH registers lower than about 8, then the user simply increases the period of time for which power is applied.

The litmus test is repeated as required to determine the length of time necessary to properly treat a given body area of hair. After the proper length of time for the application of power has been determined, a larger area of the same part of the body can be treated by simply multiplying the length of time the power has been applied to the test area by the ratio of the size of the larger area to be treated to the size of the test area. For example, if one minute was required for properly treating one square inch of hair, then ten minutes would be required for treating ten square inches of the same type of hair.

Preferably, in the case where conductive hot/cold waxes are used the hair to be removed is substantially uniform and relatively short.

If the hair is not short then it is preferred that the hair be cut in the area to be treated. If it is necessary to shave off the hair, the user's hair should be allowed to grow for about three days so as to achieve a substantially uniform, relatively rigid stubble.

These relatively short and rigid hairs have been found to extend well into conductive gel/adhesive/wax layer 52. This length of hair after about three days growth has likewise been found to ensure that there is sufficient contact area between upper shaft portion 12 of hair 10 and conductive/adhesive layer 52 so that the treated hair can be removed.

It is further preferred that in the case of adhesive/hydrogel layer 52 being made of a wax-like substance, layer 52 is pressed in the direction opposite to normal hair growth. After treatment, the hairs with destroyed matrix areas 22 are removed in the opposite direction; namely, in the direction of normal hair growth.

The preferred embodiments of the multiple hair removal device as shown in FIGS. 4-8 are used in a similar fashion, as described relative to the embodiments of FIGS. 2-3B above. Conveniently, conductive layer 100 of FIG. 6 has tabs 102 to which a readily removable power source can be clamped, for example, as by alligator clips.

Likewise, the embodiments of FIGS. 9-12 are used to remove multiple hairs in a manner similar to the use of the above embodiments.

Tweezers 400 of FIGS. 13 and 14, as well as tweezers 460 and 480 of FIGS. 15 and 16, respectively, are engineered to used in multiple ways.

When using the embodiments of FIGS. 9-12, for example, tweezers 400 serve as power connectors and are attached to conductive pull tabs 210 and 212 in a manner similar to traditional normally closed alligator clips. When tweezers 400 are used to supply power, tweezers 400 can be inserted into hand-held casing 500 by mating extensions 416 and 418 with female connectors 512 as stepped base 460 engages tweezer receptacle 510. Power source 520 then supplies the required power to conductive extension 416, for example, the required power having been determined by PC board 516. The power selected for the particular method is transmitted through metal insert 414 and through exposed portion 442 for supplying power to conductive tabs 210 and 212 of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 9, for example.

If any hairs remain after performing the multiple hair removal treatment methods described above, tweezers 400 and casing 500 of FIGS. 13-15 can be used as a separate operating component of the overall hair removal system. In that case, tweezers 400 will be used to grab single or multiple hairs extending from the user's skin directly after the appropriate steps of applying conductive solutions have been carried out as described above. To open normally closed hair-grasping end 434, the user presses upper arm 404 toward lower arm 408 whereby the arms move relative to each other, facilitated by detent 430. Tweezers 400 are placed against the skin so that hair-grasping end 434 is near to the hairs to be removed. The plastic casing 424 defines the non-conductive regions surrounding exposed metal hair contacting portion 442; namely, a power transmission area is thereby defined.

The preferred embodiments of FIGS. 18-28 will be used as described above.

The preferred sources of power include DC power, radio frequency power, galvanic thermolysis, and combinations thereof, such as DC-biased RF or blend.

The length of time during which the hair is allowed to stay in the body after the power has been treated varies and is preferably about 30 minutes for DC or galvanic method. This time is believed to be adequate for the chemical reaction which has been induced by the application of power at matrix area 22 to continue sufficiently long for the so-called galvanic effect to take place, thereby leading to permanent impairment of future hair growth.

RF, thermolysis, and DC-biased RF or blend treated hairs can be removed immediately after treatment.

The above method effectively removes all treated hairs at this stage of growth. In order to get complete and permanent hair removal, the above method steps will be repeated when the user can see hair stubble in the treated area resulting from hairs at different growth stages not removed by the first treatment. Additional treatments may be required as new hair growth occurs that may be induced by hormonal changes and the user's life cycle.

The preferred materials for the non-conductive layers include adhesives, glues, and hot or cold waxes, and gels as required. The conductive layer may be made of conductive gels, conductive adhesives, glues, hot or cold waxes, conductive metals, conductive plastics, and thin foils of those materials or ceramics. As described above, even substantially non-conductive glues, hot or cold waxes, plastics, and the like may be rendered sufficiently conductive for carrying out the invention by the addition of conductive particles, and the like.

It is also contemplated that the material of the conductive layer will be selected so that it changes color over time. Thus, exposure to air, exposure to the contacted user's skin (such as by a reaction to the warmth, moisture, and/or pH of the skin), or even exposure to the hair itself will cause a color change in the conductive layer. The color change tells the user useful information such as: the conductive layer material has been on the skin for a sufficient period of time so as to provide a visual indication to the user that the conductive material may be removed, given that the period of time suffices for fully treating the hair to be removed.

It is likewise contemplated that the material of the conductive layer or wax will be selected so that the color of the conductive layer changes as a function of the electric current or other power applied thereto. In that way the user gets visual confirmation that sufficient electrical power and/or electrical power for a sufficiently long period of time has been applied to the conductive material so as to fully treat the hair to be removed.

The configuration of the conductor layer may be changed in order to heighten the effects of a particular power source, provide tabs for attachment to a power source, or to treat specific shapes of the body.

Different sizes of the multiple hair removal devices may be used depending on body area and whether the intended use is for an initial treatment when the removal of large numbers of hairs is required, or smaller devices covering reduced areas of the skin may be used when follow-up treatments are performed or when only a small area of the skin is to be treated. Curved configurations may be used for application to the user's eye brow area or larger square. Round or oblong shapes for arms, legs, or any large area are likewise contemplated.

It is also contemplated that the conductive layer of material disposed directly adjacent the user's skin will be supplied in a liquid form which is applied by the user to the area of the user's skin be treated while the material is still liquid. After a period of time, the liquid will dry sufficiently on the user's skin so that a conductive semi-solid or solid layer is achieved. Likewise, the separate conductor or conductive layer disposed adjacent the conductive layer, as in the embodiment of FIG. 2, as well as the structural layer of the embodiment of FIG. 3, and separated from the user's skin by the conductive layer, will be applied in a liquid form, and allowed to dry, as necessary. A third layer, such as the conductor layer of some of the preferred embodiments of the invention, will also be applied in liquid form on top of the conductive layer, and be allowed to sufficiently dry, as required.

It is likewise contemplated that the two or more liquid materials described in the previous paragraph will be supplied in a single liquid-retaining container, whereby the user simply shakes the container prior to use, applies all three liquids at the same time by use of an applicator, and the two or three liquid materials separate prior to hardening. In this manner, all the layers will be applied at once in a liquid form with only one liquid application step.

In the case of two or three liquids in one container, the liquids will preferably be immiscible, and the lowermost, conductive material will be heaviest, so that it sinks to the lowermost point and, in use, contacts the skin.

Hydrogel 52 and 89 of FIGS. 2 and 3B, respectively, for example need not be sufficiently adhesive/strong so as to be able to pull out damaged/dead hair when the hydrogel is removed from the skin.

It has been found that the acne has likewise been treated by use of the above-described embodiments and methods, such as the embodiments of FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B, for example. For treatment of acne or the face, for example, it is contemplated that a facial mask (e.g., with holes for the eyes, nose, and mouth) will be utilized. The hydrogels and glues are particularly suited to the treatment of acne, especially in conjunction with RF as the electromagnetic energy power source.

Good results have been achieved in the damaging/killing of treated hairs with the use of hydrogel; even when no pretreatment of the skin was performed, the hydrogel was applied to substantially dry skin and hair, and the electrical energy was applied through the hydrogel, as described below.

Good results have been achieved when the hydrogel used was a 5000 R Hydrogel (distributed by the SMI division of Sohn Manufacturing, Inc. of Elkhart Lake, Wis.). Such 5000 R Hydrogel is designed to provide a uniform current density distribution on the skin during relatively high current applications. It has a high percentage of water which aids in skin hydration, and has a typical volume resistivity of 4,000 ohms-cm. The adhesive level is relatively light.

While this invention has been described as having preferred designs, it is understood that it is capable of further modifications, uses and/or adaptations of the invention following in general the principle of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known or customary practice in the art to which to invention pertains and as may be applied to the central features hereinbefore set forth, and fall within the scope of the invention and of the limits of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A hair removal system comprising:a) a conductive layer; b) said conductive layer including a plurality of conductive particles disposed therein; c) said conductive layer being configured for concurrently conducting electromagnetic energy from a source to and into a plurality of hairs contacting said conductive layer; d) said conductive layer being configured for transmitting sufficient electromagnetic energy to and into a plurality of hairs to damage the matrix area of the hair without substantially damaging the skin in which the hair is growing; and e) said conductive layer including a cold wax material.
 2. A hair removal system as defined in claim 1, wherein:a) a separate conductor is disposed adjacent to said conductive layer.
 3. A hair removal system as defined in claim 2, wherein:a) said conductor includes a plastic material having conductive particles therein.
 4. A hair removal system as defined in claim 1, wherein:a) a structural layer is disposed adjacent said conductive layer, said structural layer being made of a material sufficiently strong to remove said conductive layer and dead hair attached thereto.
 5. A hair removal system as defined in claim 1, wherein:a) an electrode is detachably attached to said conductive layer.
 6. A hair removal system as defined in claim 1, wherein:a) said conductive layer includes a hydrophilic gel.
 7. A method as defined in claim 6, wherein:a) said hydrophilic gel is in a substantially liquified form.
 8. A hair removal system comprising:a) a conductive layer; b) said conductive layer including a plurality of conductive particles disposed therein; c) said conductive layer being configured for concurrently conducting electromagnetic energy from a source to and into a plurality of hairs contacting said conductive layer; d) said conductive layer being configured for transmitting sufficient electromagnetic energy to and into a plurality of hairs to damage the matrix area of the hair without substantially damaging the skin in which the hair is growing; and e) said conductive layer including a hot wax material.
 9. A hair removal system consisting essentially of:a) a conductive layer; b) said conductive layer including a plurality of conductive particles disposed therein; c) said conductive layer being configured for conducting electromagnetic energy from a source to and into a hair contacting said conductive layer; d) said conductive layer being configured for transmitting sufficient electromagnetic energy to and into a hair to damage the matrix area of the hair without substantially damaging the skin in which the hair is growing; e) said conductive layer including a wax material; and f) a structural layer disposed adjacent said conductive layer, said structural layer being made of a material sufficiently strong to remove said conductive layer and dead hair attached thereto.
 10. A hair removal system as defined in claim 9, wherein:a) said conductive layer includes a hydrophilic gel.
 11. A method of removing a plurality of hairs comprising the steps of:a) applying a layer of conductive material to a skin surface and to a plurality of hairs on a skin to be treated; b) applying electromagnetic energy from a source through the layer of conductive material to and into the plurality of hairs to be removed from the skin for a period of time sufficiently long to induce a chemical reaction in the matrix area of the plurality of hairs to be removed; c) allowing the plurality of hairs to remain in the skin for a period of time sufficiently long so that the chemical reaction induced in the step of applying electromagnetic energy continues sufficiently long for destroying the matrix area of the plurality of hairs and so that the plurality of hairs may be removed.
 12. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) said step of applying electromagnetic energy includes treating the hairs with one of RF, thermolysis, DC, and blend.
 13. A method of removing hair as defined in claim 11, including the steps of:a) reducing the length of the hair to be removed by one of cutting and shaving the hair close to the skin; and b) providing for substantially about three days of hair growth time before performing the remaining steps if the hair is shaved in the step of reducing the length of hair.
 14. A method as defined in claim 11, including the steps of:a) applying DC in said step of applying power; b) removing one of the hairs killed in the previous steps; and c) conducting a litmus paper test to determine the desired length of time required for applying power in the power application step by touching the matrix area of the removed hair to a wetted piece of litmus paper.
 15. A method as defined in claim 11, including the steps of:a) determining the area of the conductive material; b) determining the ratio between a skin surface area to be treated in a next process step and the area of the conductive material determined in the previous step; and c) applying power in the step of applying power for a length of time substantially equal to the length of time required for treating the area covered by the conductive material multiplied by the ratio determined in the previous step.
 16. A method as defined in claim 11, including the step of:a) steaming the skin to be treated prior to the application of the layer of conductive material for opening the pores in the skin.
 17. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) the step of applying power includes pressing a conductor into the conductive material sufficiently far so as to be able to transmit power through the conductive material to the hairs to be removed from the skin.
 18. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) the step of applying a conductive material includes applying a wax to the skin in a direction opposite to the direction of hair growth; and b) removing the hair, said step of removing the hair includes removing the wax applied in the above step in the direction of hair growth.
 19. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) the step of applying a conductive material includes applying a liquid material.
 20. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) the step of applying a conductive material includes applying a hydrophilic gel.
 21. A method as defined in claim 11, comprising:a) removing the hair, said step of removing the hair includes removing the hair substantially instantly after said step of applying electromagnetic energy.
 22. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) said step of applying conductive material is carried out without shortening the hair.
 23. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) said step of applying electromagnetic energy from a source includes providing the source substantially directly in contact with the conductive material and substantially free of contact with the majority of the plurality of hairs being treated.
 24. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) said step of applying electromagnetic energy from a source includes applying electromagnetic energy through the conductive material to the plurality of hairs to be treated.
 25. A hair removal system as defined in claim 11, wherein:a) said layer of conductive material applied in said step of applying a layer of conductive material includes a semi-solid material.
 26. A method of removing a plurality of hairs comprising the steps of:a) applying a conductive material to a skin surface on a skin to be treated; b) applying electromagnetic energy from a source through the conductive material to the plurality of hairs to be removed from the skin for a period of time sufficiently long to induce a chemical reaction in the matrix area of the plurality of hairs to be removed; c) said step of applying electromagnetic energy from a source includes applying electromagnetic energy substantially without directly contacting the hair to be removed; and d) allowing the plurality of hairs to remain in the skin for a period of time sufficiently long so that the chemical reaction induced in the step of applying electromagnetic energy continues sufficiently long for destroying the matrix area of the plurality of hairs and so that the plurality of hairs may be removed. 